Biggest-Polluters

Many refiners currently make a jet fuel meeting <500 ppm requirements. If refiners make a jet fuel meeting 15 ppm requirements, there may be compatibility (safety or performance) issues for jet engine manufacturers. Have these manufacturers been consulted
https://www.epa.gov/fuels-registration-reporting-and-compliance-help/many-refiners-currently-make-jet-fuel-meeting
Overall, aviation emissions are
thought to have a warming impact on climate
https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/15/18921/2015/acp-2015-345-manuscript-version2.pdf
Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and human health
We estimate that present-day non-CO2 aviation emissions
with a typical FSC of 600 ppm
<10 times more than cars?>
https://www.epa.gov/fuels-registration-reporting-and-compliance-help/many-refiners-currently-make-jet-fuel-meeting
Currently, jet fuel, including
commercial and military grades, is specifed to not exceed 3000
ppm
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2018/ra/c7ra12784g


146 billion gallons in 2019 for cars versus 18 billion gallons for airplanes in 2019
A ratio of 8(cars) versus one (planes) but has 10 times more FSC than car fuel and 3 times as bad on high altitudes.
8 versus one becomes 8 versus ten and because of high altitude of planes at least 8 (car fuel) to 20 (plane fuel)


xx


one metric ton is 268.47 gallons
100 metric tons are = 26,847 gallons
100 million metric tons = 2,6847.000000
2.6847 billion gallons versus 150 billion gallons for cars but is 1000 times filthier
2.6847 billion gallons becomes 2684.7 gallons =179 times filthier in sulfur
Then add the other ship fuel
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1266963/amount-of-fuel-consumed-by-ships-worldwide-by-fuel-type/
Annual fuel consumption by ships worldwide from 2019 to 2020, by fuel type (in million metric tons)

https://www.euractiv.com/section/shipping/news/daily-emissions-of-cruise-ships-same-as-one-million-cars/
Daily emissions of cruise ships same as one million cars
Cruise ships can emit as much particulate matter as a million cars every day and the air quality on deck can be as bad as the world’s most polluted cities, according to a new investigation.
https://www.statista.com/chart/27353/worst-black-carbon-polluters/
Cruise Ships Are the Biggest Black Carbon Polluters
https://cedelft.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/03/CE_Delft_7N59_De_feiten_op_een_rij_def.pdf
De feiten op een rij
Hoe verhouden zich de emissies van
zeeschepen en auto’s nu werkelijk?
38 pages i Dutch <it's BS. Nor does CO2 cause any warming. It's the sun,clouds and vapor that control the climate<
https://cedelft.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/CE_Delft_7N59_The_basic_facts_Summary_and_Conclusions.pdf
The basic facts
How do the emissions of ships and cars
really compare? 4 pages
 In Europe the limit for road-vehicle fuels is 0.001%, whereas the global limit for
shipping is 3.5% (to be lowered to 0.5% in 2020 = 500 times more than car fuel anyway)
https://www.vox.com/recode/22973218/container-shipping-industry-climate-change-emissions-maersk
How to save the planet from the largest vehicles on Earth
Container ships are major polluters and a tough challenge for the global climate. Some companies think they have the solution.
 The shipping industry accounts for about 3 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, which is comparable to the total emissions from aviation.
https://www.transportenvironment.org/discover/luxury-cruise-giant-emits-10-times-more-air-pollution-sox-all-europes-cars-study/
Luxury cruise giant emits 10 times more air pollution than all of Europe’s cars
https://www.businessinsider.com/cruise-ship-air-pollution-carnival-cars-europe-study-2023-6?op=1&r=US&IR=T
These cruise ships emit more air pollution than all the cars in Europe
A June study from sustainable transport campaigner The European Federation for Transport and Environment found that 63 cruise ships owned by parent company Carnival Corporation emitted 43% more sulfur oxides, a group of harmful air pollutants, than all the 291 million cars in Europe in 2022.
https://newatlas.com/shipping-pollution/11526/
Big polluters: One massive container ship equals 50 million cars
The low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90,000 cargo ships contains up to 2,000 times the amount of sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles
April 23, 2009
The world's 90,000 vessels burn approx 370 million tons of fuel per year emitting 20 million tons of Sulphur Oxides. That equates to 260 times more Sulphur Oxides being emitted by ships than the worlds entire car fleet. One large ship alone can generate approx 5,200 tonnes of sulphur oxide pollution in a year, meaning that 15 of the largest ships now emit as much SOx as the worlds 760 million cars.
https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-low-sulphur-shipping-rules-are-affecting-global-warming/
Analysis: How low-sulphur shipping rules are affecting global warming - Carbon Brief
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) rules have had some success in improving public health. Global emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) – a health-damaging air pollutant – have dropped by about 10% as a result.